A trend paper on leadership Response

Transformational Leadership Leadership is a process of putting up a system for people to throw in their efforts to make something happen. The kind of a leader that an organization has will determine the direction it will take in terms of development (Gronn, 2002, 423).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on A trend paper on leadership Response specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though the terms charismatic and transformational leadership are normally used interchangeably, some studies have tried to differentiate them, with charismatic leadership being a subset of transformational one (Judge et al., 2002, p. 765). According to Bratton Gold (2007, p. 13), transformational leadership has four aspects, namely, charismatic influence, personal consideration, rousing motivation, and intellectual stimulation. As an inspiration of change, transformational leaders bring out performance beyond expectancy by inculcating pr ide, facilitating creativity, offering inspiration, and communicating individual respect (Judge et al., 2002, p. 765). Using charismatic influence, transformational leaders help their followers see what is really important and convey a sense of mission. Through personal consideration, transformational leaders focus on the followers’ developmental needs and delegate duties in a way that encourages learning experience. Through inspirational motivation, they use symbols and emotional appeal to direct followers’ efforts, thereby guiding them to achieve beyond expectation. Lastly, through intellectual stimulation, transformational leaders encourage their followers to adopt new ways of thinking and develop problem solving skills and logical reasoning before taking any action (Bratton Gold, 2007, p. 13). Examples of transformational leaders include IBM President and CEO, Samuel J. Palmisano, and Walt Disney Company’s CEO, Bob Iger. According to IBM President, company e mployees must ensure that their actions are driven by the following values: commitment to client success, innovation that is useful for the company and the world at large, trust, and individual responsibility in all forms of relationship.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Samuel J. Palmisano was in the forefront to ensure that these values were adhered to (Palmisano, 2007). Bob Iger is among the global leaders who lead by example in advocating for excellence and high integrity in the workplace (The Walt Disney Company, 2007). Leadership Approaches for Today’s Employees The most prominent styles for today’s employees are transformational and transactional leaderships. Transactional leadership entails a series of bargains between the leader and the employees (Judge et al., 2002, p. 766). On the other hand, transformational style is when leaders empower employe es to attain set objectives and vision of the organization. Transformational leadership is highly correlated with productivity, work satisfaction, employee commitment, and minimal level of work stress (Judge Piccolo, 2004, p. 757). Transactional leadership can further be classified into contingent reward leadership and management-by-exception. The latter involves transacting with employees by only intervening when employees deviate from the expectations or fail to meet targets. The former entails rewarding efforts on a contractual basis and punishing undesired actions (Judge et al., 2002, p. 767). Based on the timing of intervention, management-by-exception can be classified as an active and passive management-by-exception. Passive management-by-exception leaders only intercede after failure to meet standards, while active management-by-exception leaders often expect challenges or problems. Transactional and transformational leadership cannot work as well as be applied in all the s ituations or time. This is where situational leadership comes in. This type of leadership approach is based on the philosophy that a leader ought to be flexible enough to adjust to changing times and situations. Therefore, this approach blends transactional and transformational leadership techniques (Judge Piccolo, 2004, p. 757). Other leadership approaches used for today’s employees are found in Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s leadership continuum. They include consultative and democratic leadership approaches. Consultative leadership approach involves extensive consultation and participation of all the members in decision making process.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on A trend paper on leadership Response specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the final decision is made by the leader. On the other hand, democratic leadership method characteristically gives the subordinates freedom to come up wi th the final decision through discussion. The leader only acts as a conference leader during the discussion (Judge et al., 2002, p. 770). Transformational leadership is the most effective in the case where the leader and the employees share the same values and vision. However, transformational leadership approach normally proves to be ineffective in the cases where employees do not have faith and trust in their leader or the system. Transactional leadership works best among employees who are motivated by rewards. However, this approach is ineffective for imaginative/innovative employees since it does not allow people to think beyond the box (Judge Piccolo, 2004, p. 757). Democratic or consultative leadership approach works best with vibrant, satisfied and committed employees. Employees who are less satisfied and non-committed are less likely to take part in the discussion or consultation (Gronn, 2002, p. 439). The Leader as a communicator The active participation and loyalty of the labour force are the major components that enable an organization to attain world class status and implement operations management strategies. This participation can only be achieved and maintained through effective communication between the leaders and subordinates. Effective communication motivates employees to attain the goals of the company and relate with their leaders productively (Business Studies, 2008, p. 4). The key communication competencies needed in the leaders today include presentation and listening skills, facilitation and problem solving, coaching and mentoring skills, and carrying out high impact conversations, among others (Business Studies, 2008, p. 5). At their best, a team can provide the best solution or results that an individual can bring. Therefore, group communication is even more important than individual communication. In addition, individual communication normally arouses suspicion among employees.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some may feel that a leader is more incline to certain individuals. Moreover, more information is normally available in a group than with individuals. However, individual communication is equally important in an organization. An excellent rapport between the leader and employees ensures efficient flow of information and consideration (Business Studies, 2008, p. 5). There are a number of ways for leaders to improve their communication skills. Leaders can enhance verbal communication by being assertive and as professional as possible during the conversation. Assertiveness refers to being in control and responding effectively to employees; it does not mean aggressiveness (Business Studies, 2008, p. 6). Leaders can enhance their non-verbal communication by seeking out cues, asking for clarification, analyzing their understanding of non-verbal cues, and verifying their perception, among others. They can improve their listening skills by sending positive non-verbal cues, taking notes, avo iding arguments, listening for concepts, and exhibiting willingness to listen. Lastly, building strong relationship with the employees involves making them feel special, aware of their culture, and understand their needs or requirements (Business Studies, 2008, p. 8). Developing a climate of trust Trust is defined as a confident and positive belief among people in a group, society, or organization. Trust is normally evident in healthy and strong relationships. There is a direct relationship between trust and increased productivity in organizations (Hoffman et al., 1994, p. 486). High trust environment with occupied and committed staff is much better for self-regulation and team policing. In addition, the success of any organization during the difficult time depends on the team spirit within the company and the environment of trust among the employees. Therefore, high trust environment ensures increased productivity, better service delivery, low employee turnover, effective communica tion, better engagement, and innovativeness (Hoffman et al., 1994, p. 486). Lack of trust is linked to increased stress, low satisfaction and commitment, and low performance. It also results in internal fighting and atrocious silo wall effect which impacts negatively on the production or service delivery. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the leaders to guide their organization towards recognizing and improving trust deficiencies (Hoffman et al., 1994, p. 488). There are numerous ways through which a leader can develop an atmosphere of trust. The main concern should be fostering integrity on employees to increase flow of communication, efficiency, and overall performance. This can be achieved through open and honest leadership. This entails willingness to share information in effective ways and listening with open mind without instilling fear among the juniors. High trust environment can also be achieved through establishment of clear expectations. Clearly outlined and well def ined expectation minimizes conflicts between the leader and the employees. Other ways of building trust in an organization include fair and equal treatment of employees, and maintenance of high integrity (Hoffman et al., 1994, p. 489). Can leaders motivate employees? The main task of a leader is to ensure work is done with efficiency and great performance by employees. In order to accomplish this goal, he/she is required to stimulate the workforce. Motivation can be defined as a driving force for employees to accomplish the objectives (Muller, 2011, p. 4). Many business organizations are successfully achieving employees’ satisfaction and motivation through the technique of empowerment. Empowerment is the process of giving the employees authority to become more relevant to the business organization by participating in the decision making process (Muller, 2011, p. 5). There are two major ways through which leaders can motivate their employees, namely, creating a favorable work environment, and rewarding productive employees. The latter includes better salaries and wages, allowances, promotion, and other fringe benefits. Favorable working environment entails minimal regulation, workers’ freedom, and increased participation, among others. Many business leaders have been striving to establish and maintain an atmosphere that is more favorable to the performance of individual employees who are working together in groups to attain pre-determined goals (Muller, 2011, p. 6). According to Furnham et al. (2002, p. 1326), in order to create and sustain a motivating environment that will also help retain talents, two primary needs of the employees must be met; these are motivation and hygiene. Hygiene factors are the needs that can be satisfied if the particular conditions, such as regulation, interpersonal relations, appropriate working conditions, remunerations, among others, are followed. However, motivation and provision of hygiene needs do not necessarily translate to full satisfaction. It only minimizes the level of dissatisfaction. Therefore, motivational efforts can only reduce the employee turnover rate and guarantee permanent loyalty. Motivation and hygiene factors also enhance work commitment and job satisfaction among employees (Furnham et al., 2002, p. 1326). Leading by example Currently, in my company, the greatest investment is made not in the products, but in the employees. The best way to enhance productivity is to assist employees to maintain innovative and focused mindset and enhance their working environment. The best way to achieve this is to lead by example. It is very unlikely to find employees complaining and lazing around when the leader is working tirelessly hard and satisfied with his/her work. Our managers and supervisors are very approachable and closer to the employees. Most of them are always very concerned about the wellbeing of their employees. The managers and supervisors are always on the fore front in managing change in the organization and in determining the direction that the company takes in terms of development. Over the recent past, the organizations have experienced remarkable changes, including downsizing, leaner structures, and parallel approach to the flow of information. These changes, on the one hand, are attributed to speedy development in technology, increased competition in the global market, and the evolution in the nature of workforce. These changes are prompted by interventions, for instance, total quality management and restructuring of business processes. The managers and supervisors should be in the fore front during the initiation and implementation of these changes. Therefore, most of the company managers and supervisors are change-centered and always act promoting inspiration to the general employees. They have also maintained high integrity, excellence, accountability and trust among the staff. There has never been a case of corruption or misappropriation of funds among the senior staff that I have heard of. Leadership competencies needed in 2020 The world is becoming more and more interconnected as business operations are carried beyond borders. Companies become increasingly more diverse in terms of culture and ethnic composition. Therefore, in order to be successful in the future, the managers must learn how to attain results across diverse cultures, borders, and generations. Nowadays, most of the companies lack the diversity to tackle inter-cultural challenges (Galbraith, 2000, p. 20). According to Goldsmith (2003), in order to be successful in the future, a leader must have a global mindset. He defines global mindset as the quality that enables leaders to influence people, organizations and systems that are different from theirs. Another key competency is intellectual capital which is defined as global business knowledge, cognitive complexity and multi-ethnic stance. Psychological capital will also be required as it entails passi on for diversity, pursuit for adventure and self-confidence. Lastly, 2020 leadership will require inter-cultural compassion, inter personal influence and diplomacy. All these will be prompted by increased globalization, cross-cultural interactions, increased technology, and complex business environment (Goldsmith, 2003, p. 7). Increased globalization means increased investment and expansion of local companies beyond national borders as a result of deregulation and improved information and communication technologies. Increased globalization will also result in the growing number of employees coming from different cultural backgrounds but working in the same organization. Employees’ interactions will be either actual or virtual (through computers or video conferencing). Intellectual capital will be necessary due to increased technology and complex business environment (Galbraith, 2000, p. 22). References Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2007). Human Resource Management: theory and pract ice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Business Studies. (2008). Effective Communication in the Workplace. Web. Furnham, A., Petrides, K.V., Jackson, C.J., Cotter, T. (2002). Do personality factors predict job satisfaction? Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1325-42. Galbraith, J.R. (2000). Designing the Global Corporation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Goldsmith, M. (2003). Global Leadership: The Next Generation. London: FT Prentice Hall. Gronn, P. (2002). Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(4), 423-451. Hoffman, J., Sabo, D., Bliss, J., Hoy, W.K. (1994). Building a culture of trust, Journal of School Leadership, 4, 484-501. Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R., Gerhardt, M. W. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 765-780. Judge, T.A., Piccolo, R.F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic test of their relative validity, Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 755-68. Muller, C. (2011). Employee Motivation and Incentives at Apple Inc: Incentives Really Help to Motivate Employees? New York: GRIN. Palmisano, S. (2007). Our Values at Work on Being an IBMer. Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/ibm/values/us/ Walt Disney Company. (2007). Corporate Responsibility. Retrieved from https://www.thewaltdisneycompany.com/about/ This coursework on A trend paper on leadership Response was written and submitted by user Cristopher C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

About the Chilean Poet Pablo Neruda

About the Chilean Poet Pablo Neruda Pablo Neruda (1904-1973) was known as a poet and emissary of the Chilean people. During a time of social upheaval, he traveled the world as a diplomat and an exile, served as a Senator for the Chilean Communist Party, and published more than 35,000 pages of poetry in his native Spanish. In 1971, Neruda won the Nobel Prize for Literature, for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continents destiny and dreams. Nerudas words and politics were forever intertwined, and his activism may have led to his death. Recent forensic tests have stirred speculation that Neruda was murdered.   Early Life in Poetry Pablo Neruda is the pen name of Ricardo Eliezer Neftali Reyes y Basoalto. He was born in Parral, Chile on July 12, 1904. While he was still an infant, Nerudas mother died of tuberculosis. He grew up in the remote town of Temuco with a stepmother, a half-brother, and a half-sister. From his earliest years, Neruda experimented with language. In his teens, he began publishing poems and articles in school magazines and local newspapers. His father disapproved, so the teenager decided to publish under a pseudonym. Why Pablo Neruda? Later, he speculated that hed been inspired by Czech writer Jan Neruda. In his Memoirs, Neruda praised the poet Gabriela Mistral for helping him discover his voice as a writer. A teacher and headmistress of a girls school near Temuco, Mistral took an interest in the talented youth. She introduced Neruda to Russian literature and stirred his interest in social causes. Both Neruda and his mentor eventually became Nobel Laureates, Mistral in 1945 and Neruda twenty-six years later. After high school, Neruda moved to the capital city of Santiago and enrolled in the University of Chile. He planned to become a French teacher, as his father wished. Instead, Neruda strolled the streets in a black cape and wrote passionate, melancholy poems inspired by French symbolist literature. His father stopped sending him money, so the teenaged Neruda sold his belongings to self-publish his first book, Crepusculario (Twilight). At age 20, he completed and found a publisher for the book that would make him famous, Veinte poemas de amor y una cancion desesperada (Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair).  Rhapsodic and sorrowful, the books poems mingled adolescent thoughts of love and sex with descriptions of the Chilean wilderness. There was thirst and hunger, and you were the fruit. / There were grief and ruin, and you were the miracle, Neruda wrote in the concluding poem, A Song of Despair. Diplomat and Poet Like most Latin American countries, Chile customarily honored their poets with diplomatic posts. At age 23, Pablo Neruda became an honorary consul in Burma, now Myanmar, in Southeast Asia. Over the next decade, his assignments took him to many places, including Buenos Aires, Sri Lanka, Java, Singapore, Barcelona, and Madrid. While in South Asia, he experimented with surrealism and began writing Residencia en la tierra   (Residence on Earth). Published in 1933, this was the first of a three-volume work that described the social upheaval and human suffering Neruda witnessed during his years of diplomatic travel and social activism. Residencia was, he said in his Memoirs, a dark and gloomy but essential book within my work. The third volume in Residencia, the 1937 Espaà ±a en el corazà ³n (Spain in our Hearts), was Nerudas strident response to the atrocities of the Spanish Civil War, the rise of fascism, and the political execution of his friend, the Spanish poet Federico Garcà ­a Lorca in 1936. In the nights of Spain, Neruda wrote in the poem Tradition, through the old gardens, / tradition, covered with dead snot, / spouting pus and pestilence, strolled / with its tail in the fog, ghostly and fantastic. The political leanings expressed in Espaà ±a en el corazà ³n cost Neruda his consular post in Madrid, Spain. He moved to Paris, founded a literary magazine, and helped the refugees who glutted the road out of Spain. After a stint as Consul-General in Mexico City, the poet returned to Chile. He joined the Communist Party, and, in 1945, was elected to the Chilean Senate. Nerudas rousing ballad Canto a Stalingrado (Song to Stalingrad) voiced a cry of love to Stalingrad. His pro-Communist poems and rhetoric stirred outrage with the Chilean President, who had renounced Communism for a more political alignment with the United States. Neruda continued to defend Joseph Stalins Soviet Union and the working class of his own homeland, but it was Nerudas scathing 1948 Yo acuso (I Accuse) speech that finally provoked the Chilean government to take action against him. Facing arrest, Neruda spent a year in hiding, and then in 1949 fled on horseback over the Andes Mountains into Buenos Aires, Argentina. Dramatic Exile The poets dramatic escape became the subject of the film Neruda (2016) by Chilean director Pablo Larraà ­n. Part history, part fantasy, the film follows a fictional Neruda as he dodges a fascist investigator and smuggles revolutionary poems to peasants who memorize passages. One part of this romantic re-imagining is true. While in hiding, Pablo Neruda completed his most ambitious project, Canto General (General Song). Composed of more than 15,000 lines, Canto General is both a sweeping history of the Western hemisphere and an ode to the common man. What were humans? Neruda asks. In what part of their unguarded conversations / in department stores and among sirens, in which of their metallic movements / did what in life is indestructible and imperishable live? Return to Chile Pablo Nerudas return to Chile in 1953 marked a transition away from political poetry- for a short time. Writing in green ink (reportedly his favorite color), Neruda composed soulful poems about love, nature, and daily life. I could live or not live; it does not matter / to be one stone more, the dark stone, / the pure stone which the river bears away, Neruda wrote in Oh Earth, Wait for Me. Nevertheless, the passionate poet remained consumed by Communism and social causes. He gave public readings and never spoke out against Stalins war crimes. Nerudas 1969 book-length poem Fin de Mundo (World’s End) includes a defiant statement against the US role in Vietnam: Why were they compelled to kill / innocents so far from home, / while the crimes pour cream / into the pockets of Chicago? / Why go so far to kill / Why go so far to die? In 1970, the Chilean Communist party nominated the poet/diplomat for president, but he withdrew from the campaign after reaching an agreement with the Marxist candidate Salvador Allende, who ultimately won the close election. Neruda, at the height of his literary career, was serving as Chiles ambassador in Paris, France, when he received the 1971 Nobel Prize for Literature. Personal Life Pablo Neruda lived a life of whats been called passionate engagement by the Los Angeles Times. For Neruda, poetry meant much more than the expression of emotion and personality, they write. It was a sacred way of being and came with duties. His was also a life of surprising contradictions. Although his poetry was musical, Neruda claimed that his ear could never recognize any but the most obvious melodies, and even then, only with difficulty.  He chronicled atrocities, yet he had a sense of fun. Neruda collected hats and liked to dress up for parties. He enjoyed cooking and wine. Enamored by the ocean, he filled his three homes in Chile with seashells, seascapes, and nautical artifacts. While many poets seek solitude to write, Neruda seemed to thrive on social interaction. His Memoirs describe friendships with famous figures like Pablo Picasso, Garcia Lorca, Gandhi, Mao Tse-tung, and Fidel Castro. Nerudas infamous love affairs were tangled and often overlapping. In 1930 the Spanish-speaking Neruda married Marà ­a Antonieta Hagenaar, an Indonesia-born Dutch woman who spoke no Spanish. Their only child, a daughter, died at age 9 from hydrocephalus. Soon after marrying Hagenaar, Neruda began an affair with Delia del Carril, a painter from Argentina, whom he eventually married. While in exile, he began a secret relationship with Matilde Urrutia, a Chilean singer with curly red hair. Urrutia became Nerudas third wife and inspired some of his most celebrated love poetry. In dedicating the 1959 Cien Sonetos de Amor (One Hundred Love Sonnets) to Urrutia, Neruda wrote, I made these sonnets out of wood; I gave them the sound of that opaque pure substance, and that is how they should reach your ears†¦Now that I have declared the foundations of my love, I surrender this century to you: wooden sonnets that rise only because you gave them life. The poems are some of his most popular- I crave your mouth, your voice, your hair, he writes in Sonnet XI; I love you as one loves certain obscure things, he writes in Sonnet XVII, secretly, between the shadow and the soul. Nerudas Death While the United States marks 9/11 as the anniversary of the 2001 terrorist attacks, this date has another significance in Chile. On September 11, 1973, soldiers surrounded Chiles presidential palace. Rather than surrender, President Salvador Allende shot himself. The anti-Communist coup dà ©tat, supported by the United States CIA, launched the brutal dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet. Pablo Neruda planned to flee to Mexico, speak out against the Pinochet regime, and publish a large body of new work. The only weapons you will find in this place are words, he told soldiers who ransacked his home and dug up his garden in Isla Negra, Chile. However, on September 23, 1973, Neruda died in a Santiago medical clinic. In her memoirs, Matilde Urrutia said his final words were, They are shooting them! They are shooting them! The poet was 69. The official diagnosis was prostate cancer, but many Chileans believed that Neruda was murdered. In October 2017, forensic tests confirmed that Neruda did not die of cancer. Further tests are underway to identify toxins found in his body. Why Is Pablo Neruda Important? I have never thought of my life as divided between poetry and politics, Pablo Neruda said when he accepted his presidential candidacy from the Chilean Communist Party. He was a prolific writer whose works ranged from sensual love poems to historical epics. Hailed as a poet for the common man, Neruda believed that poetry should capture the human condition. In his essay  Toward an Impure Poetry, he equates the imperfect human condition with poetry, impure as the clothing we wear, or our bodies, soup-stained, soiled with our shameful behaviour, our wrinkles and vigils and dreams, observations and prophecies, declarations of loathing and love, idylls and beasts, the shocks of encounter, political loyalties, denials and doubts, affirmations and taxes. What kind of poetry should we seek? Verse that is steeped in sweat and in smoke, smelling of the lilies and urine. Neruda won many awards, including an International Peace Prize (1950), a Stalin Peace Prize (1953), a Lenin Peace Prize (1953), and a Nobel Prize for Literature (1971). However, some critics have attacked Neruda for his Stalinist rhetoric and his unrestrained, often militant, writings. He was called a bourgeois imperialist and a great bad poet. In their announcement, the Nobel committee said theyd given the award to a contentious author who is not only debated but for many is also debatable. In his book The Western Canon, literary critic Harold Bloom named Neruda one of the most significant writers in Western culture, placing him alongside literary giants like Shakespeare, Tolstoy, and Virginia Woolf. All paths lead to the same goal, Neruda declared in his Nobel Lecture: to convey to others what we are. And we must pass through solitude and difficulty, isolation and silence in order to reach forth to the enchanted place where we can dance our clumsy dance and sing our sorrowful song.... Recommended Reading Neruda wrote in Spanish, and English translations of his work are hotly debated. Some translations aspire for literal meaning while others strive to capture nuances. Thirty-six translators, including Martin Espada, Jane Hirshfield, W. S. Merwin, and Mark Strand, contributed to The Poetry of Pablo Neruda compiled by literary critic Ilan Stavans. The volume has 600 poems representing the scope of Nerudas career, along with notes on the poets life and critical commentary. Several poems are presented in both Spanish and English. The Poetry of Pablo Neruda edited by Ilan Stavans, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005Listen to Neruda read Las Alturas de Machu Picchu from Canto GeneralHow the Library of Congress Helped Get Pablo Nerudas Poetry Translated into English by Peter Armenti, LOC July 31, 2015Canto General, 50th Anniversary Edition, by Pablo Neruda (trans. Jack Schmitt), University of California Press, 2000Worlds End (English and Spanish Edition) by Pablo Neruda (trans. William ODaly), Copper Canyon Press; 2009Pablo Neruda: A Passion for Life by Adam Feinstein, 2004Memoirs by Pablo Neruda (trans. Hardie St. Martin), 2001The poets own reflections on his life, from student years to the coup dà ©tat dà ©tat that toppled Chiles government just days before Nerudas death.The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages by Harold BloomMy Life with Pablo Neruda (Mi vida junto a Pablo Neruda) by Matilde Urrutia (trans. Alexandria Giardino), 2004Pablo Nerudas widow reveals details about the poet in her memoir. Al though not lyrically written, the book became a best-seller in Chile. For ages 6 to 9, Pablo Neruda: Poet of the People by Monica Brown (illus. Julie Paschkis), Holt, 2011 Sources: Memoirs by Pablo Neruda (trans. Hardie St. Martin), Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001; The Nobel Prize in Literature 1971 at Nobelprize.org; Biography of Pablo Neruda, The Chile Cultural Society; Worlds End by Pablo Neruda by Richard Rayner, Los Angeles Times, March 29, 2009; How did Chilean poet Pablo Neruda die? Experts open new probe, Associated Press, Miami Herald, February 24, 2016; Pablo Neruda Nobel Lecture Towards the Splendid City at Nobelprize.org [accessed March 5, 2017]

Virtual Hard Drives (VHD) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtual Hard Drives (VHD) - Research Paper Example Yet another type is the differencing one, which can be attached to any of the two other types, for increasing the performance of the system. The fixed sized disks do not have to specify for the minimum space required on the computer file system of the host, as it can automatically acquire the required space. On the other hand, dynamically expanding VHDs will take up the required space, according to their need. (Rouse) Virtual Hard Disk drives are the best alternative, when conducting cost-effective operations on computer systems. Using VHD, diverse operating systems can be loaded on the same PC, which allows the host to run different software programs on the same computer, while allowing the software developers to test their programs in a cost-effective manner. During February, 2013 Microsoft purchased the Virtual Hard Disk software from Connectix Virtual PC Software, which was originally responsible for creation of this software. Thereafter, Microsoft renamed this product as Microso ft Virtual PC. (VHD) Virtual Hard disk Formats Apart from the fixed and dynamic formats, as mentioned above, there is another format of VHD called ‘Differencing’ type. Each format can perform different tasks, as they vary in performance. Fixed size VHD The space required by this type of VHD is allocated on the physical Hard disk storage, while creating the VHD. While the fixed size can be increased, in an offline operation, the software does not support reducing the size. The fixed size characteristic of this type ensures optimum efficiency in operation of the system. However, due to the commitment of space allocated, it cannot be used by the physical drive, incase the VHD does not utilize any portion of the given space. Dynamically expanding VHD This file format counters the disadvantage of the fixed type VHD, as the space utilized by dynamically expanding VHD will depend on the actual requirement for the data size that is being written to it. However, ‘on-disk m eta-data’ size will add to this requirement. The file size can vary from as small as 43 KB in a VHD of this type to 20GB. The choices of optimization of performance are available with this type of VHD. However, the performance can be slower, for read or write functions, than the fixed size type VHDs. Differencing VHD This type of VHD can be associated with either of the above two types. While they can implement many additional features to their parent VHD, they also are responsible for prevention of any changes to the parent hard drive. The advantage of using this type is that space taken from physical hard drive can be reclaimed by compacting a differencing VHD.(Ranjana1) Native VHD boot Native boot VHD configuration is available in Windows 7 and Windows server 2008 R2. This allows the user to use the VHD as the computer running operating system without requirement of any parent system or hypervisor. In addition, Native boot provides full access to all the files in the PC sy stem, as the virtual volumes are visible, after the VHD portions are automatically attached to the system. Native VHD boot supports all the tree types of VHDs. However, the system will fail in case the expanding VHD requires more than the space available with the physical host drive. Only BIOS-based and UEFI-based firmware supports Native VHD boot. (Frequently Asked Questions) VHD vs. VHDX Windows Server 2012 has made available another VHD format, called VHDX. It has many advantages. The main