Strategic Goals And Tactical Goals Essay - 1293 Words

Leadership generally take for granted that leadership concepts or communicated down to departments within organizations; however, this often not so true. Regrettably, some organizations become misunderstood by the problem of miscommunication. Therefore, by setting strategic goals and tactical goals can organizations create strategic communication. Strategic goals within organizations, let leaders set goals for overall objectives for their organization; therefore, communication organization goals. While tactical goals achieve departmental objectives in the context of overall strategic goals. One of the utmost important direction is leadership to employee communication. Strategic Planning Tools Strategic goals should link into their organization mission or vision statement; therefore, helping with the direction for writing strategic goals. The development of strategic goal describes how their organization will complete their objectives. One insightful practice that can be helpful for determining strategic goals is the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis. Who it SWOT analysis? It is a structured way to look at internal company principles and external business environment as instruments for determining strategic goals. The idea is to express opportunities and threats, formula strengths and weakness as they relate to opportunities and threats. In addition, another tool for helping to define a strategic goal is Defensive/Offensive Evaluation (DOE)Show MoreRelatedStrategic Planning : Strategic And Tactical Planning874 Words   |  4 Pagesleader must align that vision with goals, but the only way to achieve those goals is through planning. Every p lan needs to operate like a map to success. Strategic and tactical planning, when used correctly, represent planning models that can lead companies forward toward the vision of their leaders, and the attainment of the goals those leaders have developed. Strategic and tactical planning work together. Strategic planning focuses on the big picture, and tactical planning supports that big pictureRead MoreOrganization Planning, Project Management, and Information Technology1319 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization is a challenging and iterative process. The organization must engage in careful and ongoing strategic and tactical planning to ensure that the implemented technology will ultimately be effective and beneficial for its practitioners, staff, and patients. To prepare for this Application Assignment, review the information presented in this week’s Learning Resources on strategic and tactical planning for health information technology and the application of project management methodology by healthRead MoreObjectives And Objectives Of Strategic Planning884 Words   |  4 PagesSetting and Achieving Goals To stay competitive in today’s markets, it is important for companies to determine objectives and develop a plan so as to achieve financial goals. Effective planning is an essential element if a company is to successfully employ change management and implement new processes and procedures that will adjust organization functions and operational assignments in order to meet the desired outcomes. Different methodologies for planning exist to meet the specific needs withinRead MoreLeadership Strategies For A Leader1116 Words   |  5 PagesHelping organizations to create and achieve goals is an essential part of what it means to be a leader. Goals provide direction for followers and set priorities (Leadership Strategies [L.S.], 2015, figure 1). Gen. Colin Powell, former U.S. Secretary of State, claimed that Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who can cut through argument, debate and doubt to offer a solution everybody can understand. (Tayor, 2015, para. 4). In es sence, great leaders are able to sift through the distractionsRead MoreGoals And Objectives Of Southwest Airlines1048 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction A goal is defined as objective to do something measurable within a given period (Davis, 1996). Setting goals is one of the most basic and fundamental elements both at the individual and organizational level. Goals show clear direction and destination that people in an organization need to be moving toward. Goals can be both long-term and short-term, whatever the goal the end objective is always almost the same. To achieve the best results, it is important to improve service deliveryRead MorePlanning : Planning And Management995 Words   |  4 PagesPlanning, in regards to management, can be setting rules and guidelines to complete a goal. Planning can be broken down into different categories or type such as strategic planning, tactical planning, and organizational planning. Some critical components to have when discussing strategic planning is the vision, mission, and values. Initially, a manager starts with strategic planning that gives them a long term goal that will help plan out their next five years. Top manager such as Chief ExecutiveRead MorePlanning Function1703 Words   |  7 Pagesassists an organization in setting goals and determining how to accomplish them best (Allen, 1998). â€Å"Effective planning helps an organization adapt to change by identifying opportunities and avoiding problems. It sets the direction for the other functions of management and for teamwork† (Allen, 1988,  ¶ 1). In order to operate in an efficient and effective manner and to progress with focus and direction, an organization must set goals and develop plans to achieve those goals (Erven, 1999). All managementRead MoreSuccessful Leadership And Organizational Planning898 Words   |  4 Pagesspecialty, organizations must put their time and resources into cre ating plans and goals to achieve any amount of success. There are four main types of planning that many organizations have put to use: strategic, tactical, operational and contingency. I will be describing strategic and tactical planning more in detail as I feel that these two techniques are an essential to any business when they are establishing what their goals need to be. I will discuss the elements that are a part of each planning processRead MoreTypes Of Business Plans : Developing A Business Plan778 Words   |  4 Pagesoperating tool as the business is build and reaches its full potential (Michigan.gov, 2015). There are various types of business plans depending upon the need or project at hand. Some common types of business plan are operational plan, strategic plan, start-up plan and a tactical business plan. The follow paper compares these four types of business plans and looks at their strengths and limitations. Also included in the paper is the best plan that would work for the assigned Collaborative Learning CommunityRead MoreThe Planning Function of Management1206 Words   |  5 Pagesjust one way that managers get together to plan and set goals. All functions of planning must be used by managers in order for the company to succeed; planning helps the company to reach the set goals. All levels of management should use strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning. Each level of management tends to plan differently, but at the end of the day, all managers should consult with each other when it comes to setting goals to successfully acting out each plan. â€Å"Managers at all

Learning Style Inventory ( Lsi ) - 1679 Words

Learning Style is a Term that has been of interest in the past few decades in the field of Organizational Behavior. It refers to the way individuals perceive to acquire new skills, knowledge, or education. Scholars of organizational behavior owe David Kolb who is the leading pioneer for the introduction of such term due to his work since 1970`s. David Kolb, a Professor of Organizational Behavior at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland in the US, established an Experimental theory based on a 17 years search study to develop and enhance the abilities of educators using the Learning Style Inventory (LSI). Coffieldand et al (2004).His aim was to improve traditional teaching for management students in perceiving new learned topics. He†¦show more content†¦xCoffieldand et al mentioned that the authors were keen to emphasize (2000, 43) that ‘no single style has an overwhelming advantage over any other. Each has strengths and weaknesses but the strengths may be especially important in one situation, but not in another. Several scholars disagreed with the idea; that each individual has a unique learning style. They critiqued the work of Kolb, Honey and Mumford, and others who followed on the road of searching for improving and classifying educators in to learning categories. They insisted that naming individual according to learning style prevent them from adapting to new ways of learning. In this paper I used Honey and Mumford questionnaire to determine a suitable development program for a candidate. The candidate will answer the Learning style questionnaire (attached in appendix) as honestly as possible, his educational background and past experience should be taken into consideration in the development program. MATERIAL AND METHODS People in organizations are individuals with deferent behavior, values and personality, whereas organizations â€Å"are group of people who works interdependently toward some purpose† (McShawn,andVonGlinow 4th edition). This workforce diversity needs to be stormed and aligned through what is called evolving employment relationship, thus resulting in increasing their flexibility. Employees should also increase their flexibility throughShow MoreRelatedThe Learning Styles Inventory ( Lsi )921 Words   |  4 PagesIn EDCL 5339, Understanding Self, I took the Learning Styles Inventory (LSI). The results showed that my confirmed strengths are Oppositional, Power, Competitive and Perfectionist. I do not demonstrate strong Oppositional self. I tend to keep an open mind and am willing to listen to others’ opinion. Sometimes, I feel I go along with what others want easily. In my close relationships, I am more opinionated than I am with my colleagues. I would like to develo p the ability to be more analyticalRead MoreThe Learning Style Inventory ( Lsi )1486 Words   |  6 Pagesneed to focus on the concept of individual learning and how it is the building block on my education. In the course we learned about the adult learning process and how we can figure out what techniques and approaches are best suitable for each of us. In the interactive class, we were given worksheets that help us determine what learning style we relate to the most and the benefits that learning style has in an organization. The Learning Style Inventory (LSI) helped me conclude that I gear towards theRead MoreThe Learning Style Inventory ( Lsi )1289 Words   |  6 Pagesresearched on how to put together a project in order to identify the learning styles. The starting point of this scheme was supported by the Kolb learning style inventory (LSI). Finally, they came up with the idea of a questionnaire. They gathered eighty questions together, containing four different learning sty les along with characteristics of the person/s that might fit in. The image below represents the theory along with the learning styles produced. (workpress.com, 2011) Many people will argue thatRead MoreTeaching Strategies For Learning Style Preferences853 Words   |  4 PagesIt is in this article that Beck matches three teaching strategies to learning style preferences. During which he attempts to link the 4MAT system, Dunn’s LSI, and the Renzulli Smith’s LSI to teaching strategies associated to display individual learning preferences linked to the brain’s hemispheres. The 4MAT system and Dunn’s LSI is teacher driven teaching strategies while the Renzulli Smith’s LSI allows student input into their teaching strategies. In linking the 4MAT system to teaching strategiesRead MoreKolb Learning Style Inventory7058 Words   |  29 PagesThe Kolb Learning Style Inventory—Version 3.1 2005 Technical Speciï ¬ cations Alice Y. Kolb Experience Based Learning Systems, Inc. David A. Kolb Case Western Reserve University May 15, 2005 Abstract The Kolb Learning Style Inventory Version 3.1 (KLSI 3.1), revised in 2005, is the latest revision of the original Learning Style Inventory developed by David A. Kolb. Like its predecessors, KLSI 3.1 is based on experiential learning theory (Kolb 1984) and is designed to help individuals identify the wayRead MoreEssay on Gm591 - Life Styles Inventory (Lsi) Results1486 Words   |  6 Pages[pic] GM 591: Life Styles Inventory – Survey results for John Hastings Instructor: Rick Roechnes Date: 09-JAN-2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Personal Thinking Styles (Part I) 3 2.1 Primary thinking Back up thinking style 4 2.2 Limiting thinking style 4 3.0 Impact on Management Style (Part II) 5 3.1 Planning 5 3.2 Organizing 6 3.3 Leading 6 3.4 Controlling 6 4.0 Genesis of Personal Styles (Part III) 6 5.0 ConclusionRead MoreThe Academic Success Patterns Of Each Individual Participant1350 Words   |  6 Pageswill be no restrictions on characteristics such as age, race or ethnicity. The learning styles of each participant will be measured at the beginning of each semester, therefore if any of the participant’s learning styles change by the end of semester one, their data will be excluded from the study. Since the study is looking at the academic success patterns of each individual participant, the change in learning style from first to second semester could cause a disruption in the data patterns, whichRead MoreLsi Paper1622 Words   |  7 PagesLSI PAPER Richard Timian Leadership and Organizational Behavior Friday, September 14, 2007 Introduction The Life Styles Inventory (LSI) is a self-assessment diagnostic instrument that measures 12 key thinking patterns, or styles. The LSI promotes performance change and improvement by increasing personal understanding of ones thinking and behavior. By responding to these 240 inventory items, individuals learn exactly where they need to focus their development efforts, without ambiguityRead MoreNotes On Life Styles Inventory979 Words   |  4 Pages Life Styles Inventory Jameka S. Carter Ms. Hallcom 9/14/14 â€Æ' Life Styles Inventory Introduction Individuals possess different skills that have an impact on their thinking and management style. The style varies from individual to individual depending on their opinions, perceptions, thoughts, and skills. The Life Style Inventory is a tool, which can be used to analyze and evaluate the management and leadership skills of an individual. The LSI has different styles and individuals can rateRead MoreLife Styles Inventory852 Words   |  3 Pagesplethora of work experience; therefore, I could not name all five characteristics corresponding to what she asked. Dr. John Doe created the Life Styles Inventory (LSI) assignment; the purpose of this assessment is for people to receive a better understanding of oneself. As stated form the LSI website, Life Styles Inventory (LSI) measures 12 specific styles of patterns of thinking that can either help or hinder a person from reaching his or her potential. The system provides a road map to properly

Connection Between A Gene Protein Disease †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Connection Between A Gene Protein Disease? Answer: Introducation According to the World Health Organization (1), genes and proteins provide a connection to diseases .Genes determine the order of amino acids used to make proteins, they undergo mutation that cause diseases and gene disorders such as sickle cell anaemia. Furthermore, genes affect the occurrence of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cancer (3). Genes and proteins play a major role in the genetics and occurrence of major diseases of the world therefore understating the connection between genes, proteins and disease is of much help to the patients medicine and the society. This essay is aimed at investigating the connection between a gene, protein, and disease, focusing mainly on the link between protein structure and function in the disease and a further analysis of the relevance to patients, medicine, and the society. Normal gene properties; Gene Expression and regulation. University of Leicester (6) defines gene expression as a process where the genes nucleotide sequence directs synthesis of proteins and production of cell structures. The process involves two main stages, First is transcription, a process that involves production of messenger RNA (mRNA) .Transcription also involves the processing of the resultant mRNA molecule. Second is translation, a process where mRNA directs protein synthesis and a further processing of the protein molecule (6).Gene regulation involves cellular processes that regulate manner and rate of gene expression (6). Gene regulation first involves regulating the transcription rate regulating how RNA molecules are processed and regulation of stability in mRNA molecules(6). Gene structure and localization The gene structure has elements such as the protein coding sequence and a sequence for regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, they are expressed by a promoter sequence.RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind and allow for the recognition of promoters to initiate transcription. Weakly transcribed genes have a weak promoter sequences that rarely initiate transcription while genes that are strongly transcribed have promoter sequences that are strong and ensure a perfect bind to initiate transcription to proteins (6).Genes are located on the chromosome in a linear fashion like beads on string(6). Examination and analysis of gene dysfunction (common and rare mutations) Regina (8) states that a nucleotide sequence in the DNA undergoes changes that lead to gene mutation . The alteration affects either one-nucleotide sequence or the gene segments in a chromosome. Often when a nucleotide sequence is altered, it results in the formation of nonfunctioning proteins. The most common types of mutations are the point mutations .They include silent mutations, which do not produce a visible change in the protein.In addition to that, misense mutations allow for the production of different amino acids. Finally, nonsense mutations alter the nucleotide sequence leading to the coding of a stop codon that stops transcription.(8). Base pair insertions or deletions occur when nucleotide base pairs are deleted or inserted to the original gene sequence (7).The Human Genome institute states that almost all diseases have a genetic factor. Diseases are caused by various kinds of mutations in the gene (7). Ellen (9) summarizes that proteins are versatile macromolecules since they perform an array of functions. Proteins are involved in growth and maintenance of tissues. Proteins provide energy and they are involved in hormone production. Hormones regulate functions in the body that relate to many organs. For example, insulin controls the amount of glucose in blood. (9).Enzymes are proteins that catalyze the bodys chemical reactions. Proteins are also involved in the storage and transport of molecules such as haemoglobin, moreover, they form antibodies that fight diseases and infections (9). Primary structural properties of proteins. The primary structure of proteins is generally made up of amino acids. Proteins have twenty essential and non-essential amino acids, which have an amino group and a carboxyl group. This functionality structure enables each amino acid to link to another and form peptide bonds. Peptides are formed when 50 amino acids with short sequences link together while longer sequences form polypeptides or proteins (11).Amino acids have different structures because of the differences that occur in their side chains. Proteins are synthesized during transcription and translation. Posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and glycosylation are important for function of a protein (4). Secondary Structure The secondary structure depend on hydrogen bonding. The structure is divided into an helix and a sheet, the alpha helix is right handedly coiled with an external extension inside chain substituents of amino groups. Formation of hydrogen bonds involves the oxygen molecule of one peptide bond and hydrogen molecule of another peptide bond and these bonds ensure the stability of the structure (11). sheet hydrogen bonds are formed between two strands. The sheets can be parallel or anti parallel based on similar or different directions of the N-terminus or C- terminus strand. An antiparallel sheet has well aligned hydrogen bonds therefore; it is more stable than a parallel sheet (11). Tertiary and quaternary structural properties of protein. This is the general 3-D shape of a protein. The protein twists in a manner it can attain a low energy state or maximum stability (11).The protein 3D shape appears random and irregular but it is shaped by several stabilizing forces such as disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and salt bridges because of the interaction of bonds between amino acids side chains(10).Protein molecules are composed of many protein subunits that interact and arrange themselves to form an aggregate bigger protein complex known as a quaternary structure (4). Protein dysfunctions; Effects on protein function and structure. Protein dysfunctions might induce a loss of a function or a gain of a function, furthermore, they can cause a complete loss of protein or reduction on the ability of the protein to perform its functions (4). Classification of proteins mainly depends on the similarities of amino acid sequences and structures. The classification is aimed at determining evolutionary relationships in proteins. Proteins are classified into class, fold, super family, family, protein domains, species and domain. The taxonomy enables a proper understanding of drugs, production of vaccines, or antibodies for biomedical research (7). Description of Cerebral amyloid angiopathy.(CAA) The disease is signified by the deposition of amyloid on cortical arteries and leptomeningeal arterioles and it is associated with old age.Hereditary forms of CAA are rare in the population, they are more acute and severe on the onset, and furthermore, they occur in the young people .The action of secretases on the amyloid precursor protein results in the deposition of amyloid peptides, proving some aspects of pathophysiology of Alzheimers disease (13). Symptoms. Fifty percent of individuals who get the disorder are over 70 years therefore it can be asymptomatic since it can be displayed as evidence of normal aging. Deposition of amyloid in the cerebral blood vessels causes their rupture, this leads to asymptomatic micro bleeds. Amyloid deposits that lead to ischemia. Clinical manifestations related to it such as leokoaraiosis, incomplete infarction, and cerebral infarction obliterate the vessel lumen. This can lead to unconsciousness, cognitive decline or death. Focal neurological deficits and seizures occur in CAA patients (13, 12). Diagnosis An affected brain tissue obtained via brain biopsy or at autopsy is used in histological investigations, often CAA evidence is found in postmortem investigations. Furthermore, another proposed non-invasive method of diagnosis is emission tomography imaging with a compound that binds amyloid. Histological diagnosis requires the use of special stain under light microscopy. The standard staining method of amyloid has been Puchtler alkaline Congo red stain but it has a low sensitivity (15). A more sensitive Thioflavin S stain can be used with Congo red stain. Fluorescent microscopy and immunohistochemistry with antibodies specific for a particular precursor protein can be used as a diagnostic tool(15). Prevalence and Burden The disease is a common clinical entity and there have been frequent findings in pathology among the elderly people.According to an analysis done on brains at Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center, 2.3 % of 65 to 74 year olds were graded as severe or moderate carriers 80% in 75 to 84 years old and 12% for those over 85 years old. It can be present in 10% to 40% of most of the elderly brains. (14). Cerebral amyloid angiopathy ; Molecular basis of the disease. The disease is characterized by a point mutation, which translates to Leucine for a Glycine change at position 68 of cystatin C protein. In the hydrophobic core of the protein, a mutated residue, and the substitution of the amino acid affects the molecule stability thus destabilizing the alpha helical structure, which leads to a molecule that is more unfolded with an ability to form dimeric assemblies. A study on the crystal structure of the molecule reveals that through the three-dimensional domain swapping, dimerization occurs which leads to the formation of larger structures that resemble amyloid (12). Cellular and physiological basis of disease Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a disorder that damages the adventitia and media of the leptomeningeal and cortical vessels, stenosis of lumen and it enhances fragmentation of internal lamina. This process of disease manifestation leads to microaneurysm, fibrinoid necrosis thus predisposing the body to cerebral hemorrhage. The disorder also induces changes in the brain that include lobar cerebral hemorrhage, cortical ischemic infarcts, leukoencephalopathy and plague deposition in tissues (13).Ravi (13) argues that the mild condition of the disease affects a smaller portion of the superficial cortical and leptomeningeal vessels while in severe conditions of the disease, there is a significant amyloid deposition in arteries and arterioles. The most affected are medium sized arteries with deposition of amyloid outside the tunica media to tunica adventitia(13). Evidence based discussion of the current and future potentials for treatment Masahito(14) states that since there are no therapies for modifying the CAA disease, current and future potential for the treatment lie in the presence of biomarkers and risk factors. Deposition of cerebrovascular amyloid is a primary target for treatment and prevention. Therapies for anti amyloid include Ponezumab, a monoclonal antibody which specifically attaches itself to the carboxyl region in the A40.Currently, the therapy has been applied to individuals with CAA.A trial is going on currently to assess the tolerability, safety and efficacy of ponezumab in adults(14). Several non-genetic factors such as hypertension and thrombolytic anticoagulation have been associated to CAA, and they are to be avoided. Future considerations in regards to treatment and preventation should involve protection of blood vessels walls against causes of degradation and research on anti-amyloid therapies. References World Health Organization. Gene and Human Diseases[Internet]. no date[cited 2017 August8] . Available from: https:// who.int/genomicss/table. Anthony JF, Jeffrey HM, David TS, William MG. An introduction to genetic analysis.7th New York: WH Freeman; 2000. Ian M. All about DNA and proteins[Internet]. 2017 [ updated 2017 Apr 7; cited 2017 August 1]. Available from www.exploredna.co.uk/allaboutdna. Tropp B. Biochemistry; Concepts and Applications. First Edition. London. Brooks Cole Publishing Company. 1997. US National Library of Medicine. CST3 Gene.Internet]. 2011 [updated 2011 Mar; cited 2017 August 6]. Available from https:// ww.ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/CST3. [Accessed 6th August 2017] University of Leicester. Gene expression and regulation [Internet]. 2009[ cited 2017 August 7].Available from https://ule.ac.ku/projects Maston G, Evans A, Green M, Sara K. Transcriptional Regulatory element in the Human Genome .Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics[Internet]. 2011[updated 2017 June 5; cited 2017 August 7]. Available from https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115623 Regina B. Gene Mutation [Internet]. 2017[updated 2017 February 8; cited 2017 August 7]. Available from https://thought.com/genemutations. Ellen T. 6 Primary Functions of ProteinsInternet]. no date [cited 2017 August 8]. Available from: https:// healthlivingsfgate.com/6 primaryfunctionsofproteins5372.html Berg JM, Tymoczko JL. Biochemistry 5th Edition: New York: WH Freeman Publishers; 2002. Particle Science, Drug development Services. Protein Structure[Internet].no date[cited 2017 August 7]. Available from www. Particle.science.com/news/technical briefs/2009/protein structure.]. George G, Yasushi T, Hirosaki A. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, and Alzheimers disease. U.S National Library of Medicine[Internet]. 2011[cited 7th August 2017]. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964669 Ravi S. Cerebral Amyliod Angiopathy[Internet]. no date[cited 2017 August 7] Available from: https:// emedicine.medscape.com/article/142720 overview. Yamada M. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Emerging concepts. Journal of Stroke[Internet]. 2015 [cited 2017August 8]. Available from: https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4325636. Allesandro B, Steen M. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Journal of Clinical Neurology [Internet]. 2011 [Accessed 8th August 2017] ; 7 (1): 1-9. Available from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl

Whats Worth Knowing free essay sample

An analysis and review on Wendy Lustbaders book `Whats Worth Knowing about life experience gleaned by the older generation. The paper reviews and analyzes Whats Worth Knowing` by Wendy Lustbader, a geriatric social worker who met many people of the older generation and wrote a book based on the experience they gleaned in their eighty or so years of living. The paper shows how the book uses ordinary individuals to make up stirring recollections. `The book captures the pulse and flavor of the individual contributors; every one of the single-paged accounts reverberates with a spirit of great generosity and sincerity. A short, stirring biographical note and sometimes a photo accompanies each story. In her book Lustbader asks, what factors make life superior. Moreover, how do we live it? What do we know now that we wish we had known when we were young(er)? What advice would we give a young(er) person just starting out in life? Has anyone in our life taught us a valuable lesson? What was that lesson? If we could live our life over again, what would we do differently? What would we keep the same?`

A trend paper on leadership Response

Transformational Leadership Leadership is a process of putting up a system for people to throw in their efforts to make something happen. The kind of a leader that an organization has will determine the direction it will take in terms of development (Gronn, 2002, 423).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on A trend paper on leadership Response specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though the terms charismatic and transformational leadership are normally used interchangeably, some studies have tried to differentiate them, with charismatic leadership being a subset of transformational one (Judge et al., 2002, p. 765). According to Bratton Gold (2007, p. 13), transformational leadership has four aspects, namely, charismatic influence, personal consideration, rousing motivation, and intellectual stimulation. As an inspiration of change, transformational leaders bring out performance beyond expectancy by inculcating pr ide, facilitating creativity, offering inspiration, and communicating individual respect (Judge et al., 2002, p. 765). Using charismatic influence, transformational leaders help their followers see what is really important and convey a sense of mission. Through personal consideration, transformational leaders focus on the followers’ developmental needs and delegate duties in a way that encourages learning experience. Through inspirational motivation, they use symbols and emotional appeal to direct followers’ efforts, thereby guiding them to achieve beyond expectation. Lastly, through intellectual stimulation, transformational leaders encourage their followers to adopt new ways of thinking and develop problem solving skills and logical reasoning before taking any action (Bratton Gold, 2007, p. 13). Examples of transformational leaders include IBM President and CEO, Samuel J. Palmisano, and Walt Disney Company’s CEO, Bob Iger. According to IBM President, company e mployees must ensure that their actions are driven by the following values: commitment to client success, innovation that is useful for the company and the world at large, trust, and individual responsibility in all forms of relationship.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Samuel J. Palmisano was in the forefront to ensure that these values were adhered to (Palmisano, 2007). Bob Iger is among the global leaders who lead by example in advocating for excellence and high integrity in the workplace (The Walt Disney Company, 2007). Leadership Approaches for Today’s Employees The most prominent styles for today’s employees are transformational and transactional leaderships. Transactional leadership entails a series of bargains between the leader and the employees (Judge et al., 2002, p. 766). On the other hand, transformational style is when leaders empower employe es to attain set objectives and vision of the organization. Transformational leadership is highly correlated with productivity, work satisfaction, employee commitment, and minimal level of work stress (Judge Piccolo, 2004, p. 757). Transactional leadership can further be classified into contingent reward leadership and management-by-exception. The latter involves transacting with employees by only intervening when employees deviate from the expectations or fail to meet targets. The former entails rewarding efforts on a contractual basis and punishing undesired actions (Judge et al., 2002, p. 767). Based on the timing of intervention, management-by-exception can be classified as an active and passive management-by-exception. Passive management-by-exception leaders only intercede after failure to meet standards, while active management-by-exception leaders often expect challenges or problems. Transactional and transformational leadership cannot work as well as be applied in all the s ituations or time. This is where situational leadership comes in. This type of leadership approach is based on the philosophy that a leader ought to be flexible enough to adjust to changing times and situations. Therefore, this approach blends transactional and transformational leadership techniques (Judge Piccolo, 2004, p. 757). Other leadership approaches used for today’s employees are found in Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s leadership continuum. They include consultative and democratic leadership approaches. Consultative leadership approach involves extensive consultation and participation of all the members in decision making process.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on A trend paper on leadership Response specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the final decision is made by the leader. On the other hand, democratic leadership method characteristically gives the subordinates freedom to come up wi th the final decision through discussion. The leader only acts as a conference leader during the discussion (Judge et al., 2002, p. 770). Transformational leadership is the most effective in the case where the leader and the employees share the same values and vision. However, transformational leadership approach normally proves to be ineffective in the cases where employees do not have faith and trust in their leader or the system. Transactional leadership works best among employees who are motivated by rewards. However, this approach is ineffective for imaginative/innovative employees since it does not allow people to think beyond the box (Judge Piccolo, 2004, p. 757). Democratic or consultative leadership approach works best with vibrant, satisfied and committed employees. Employees who are less satisfied and non-committed are less likely to take part in the discussion or consultation (Gronn, 2002, p. 439). The Leader as a communicator The active participation and loyalty of the labour force are the major components that enable an organization to attain world class status and implement operations management strategies. This participation can only be achieved and maintained through effective communication between the leaders and subordinates. Effective communication motivates employees to attain the goals of the company and relate with their leaders productively (Business Studies, 2008, p. 4). The key communication competencies needed in the leaders today include presentation and listening skills, facilitation and problem solving, coaching and mentoring skills, and carrying out high impact conversations, among others (Business Studies, 2008, p. 5). At their best, a team can provide the best solution or results that an individual can bring. Therefore, group communication is even more important than individual communication. In addition, individual communication normally arouses suspicion among employees.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some may feel that a leader is more incline to certain individuals. Moreover, more information is normally available in a group than with individuals. However, individual communication is equally important in an organization. An excellent rapport between the leader and employees ensures efficient flow of information and consideration (Business Studies, 2008, p. 5). There are a number of ways for leaders to improve their communication skills. Leaders can enhance verbal communication by being assertive and as professional as possible during the conversation. Assertiveness refers to being in control and responding effectively to employees; it does not mean aggressiveness (Business Studies, 2008, p. 6). Leaders can enhance their non-verbal communication by seeking out cues, asking for clarification, analyzing their understanding of non-verbal cues, and verifying their perception, among others. They can improve their listening skills by sending positive non-verbal cues, taking notes, avo iding arguments, listening for concepts, and exhibiting willingness to listen. Lastly, building strong relationship with the employees involves making them feel special, aware of their culture, and understand their needs or requirements (Business Studies, 2008, p. 8). Developing a climate of trust Trust is defined as a confident and positive belief among people in a group, society, or organization. Trust is normally evident in healthy and strong relationships. There is a direct relationship between trust and increased productivity in organizations (Hoffman et al., 1994, p. 486). High trust environment with occupied and committed staff is much better for self-regulation and team policing. In addition, the success of any organization during the difficult time depends on the team spirit within the company and the environment of trust among the employees. Therefore, high trust environment ensures increased productivity, better service delivery, low employee turnover, effective communica tion, better engagement, and innovativeness (Hoffman et al., 1994, p. 486). Lack of trust is linked to increased stress, low satisfaction and commitment, and low performance. It also results in internal fighting and atrocious silo wall effect which impacts negatively on the production or service delivery. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the leaders to guide their organization towards recognizing and improving trust deficiencies (Hoffman et al., 1994, p. 488). There are numerous ways through which a leader can develop an atmosphere of trust. The main concern should be fostering integrity on employees to increase flow of communication, efficiency, and overall performance. This can be achieved through open and honest leadership. This entails willingness to share information in effective ways and listening with open mind without instilling fear among the juniors. High trust environment can also be achieved through establishment of clear expectations. Clearly outlined and well def ined expectation minimizes conflicts between the leader and the employees. Other ways of building trust in an organization include fair and equal treatment of employees, and maintenance of high integrity (Hoffman et al., 1994, p. 489). Can leaders motivate employees? The main task of a leader is to ensure work is done with efficiency and great performance by employees. In order to accomplish this goal, he/she is required to stimulate the workforce. Motivation can be defined as a driving force for employees to accomplish the objectives (Muller, 2011, p. 4). Many business organizations are successfully achieving employees’ satisfaction and motivation through the technique of empowerment. Empowerment is the process of giving the employees authority to become more relevant to the business organization by participating in the decision making process (Muller, 2011, p. 5). There are two major ways through which leaders can motivate their employees, namely, creating a favorable work environment, and rewarding productive employees. The latter includes better salaries and wages, allowances, promotion, and other fringe benefits. Favorable working environment entails minimal regulation, workers’ freedom, and increased participation, among others. Many business leaders have been striving to establish and maintain an atmosphere that is more favorable to the performance of individual employees who are working together in groups to attain pre-determined goals (Muller, 2011, p. 6). According to Furnham et al. (2002, p. 1326), in order to create and sustain a motivating environment that will also help retain talents, two primary needs of the employees must be met; these are motivation and hygiene. Hygiene factors are the needs that can be satisfied if the particular conditions, such as regulation, interpersonal relations, appropriate working conditions, remunerations, among others, are followed. However, motivation and provision of hygiene needs do not necessarily translate to full satisfaction. It only minimizes the level of dissatisfaction. Therefore, motivational efforts can only reduce the employee turnover rate and guarantee permanent loyalty. Motivation and hygiene factors also enhance work commitment and job satisfaction among employees (Furnham et al., 2002, p. 1326). Leading by example Currently, in my company, the greatest investment is made not in the products, but in the employees. The best way to enhance productivity is to assist employees to maintain innovative and focused mindset and enhance their working environment. The best way to achieve this is to lead by example. It is very unlikely to find employees complaining and lazing around when the leader is working tirelessly hard and satisfied with his/her work. Our managers and supervisors are very approachable and closer to the employees. Most of them are always very concerned about the wellbeing of their employees. The managers and supervisors are always on the fore front in managing change in the organization and in determining the direction that the company takes in terms of development. Over the recent past, the organizations have experienced remarkable changes, including downsizing, leaner structures, and parallel approach to the flow of information. These changes, on the one hand, are attributed to speedy development in technology, increased competition in the global market, and the evolution in the nature of workforce. These changes are prompted by interventions, for instance, total quality management and restructuring of business processes. The managers and supervisors should be in the fore front during the initiation and implementation of these changes. Therefore, most of the company managers and supervisors are change-centered and always act promoting inspiration to the general employees. They have also maintained high integrity, excellence, accountability and trust among the staff. There has never been a case of corruption or misappropriation of funds among the senior staff that I have heard of. Leadership competencies needed in 2020 The world is becoming more and more interconnected as business operations are carried beyond borders. Companies become increasingly more diverse in terms of culture and ethnic composition. Therefore, in order to be successful in the future, the managers must learn how to attain results across diverse cultures, borders, and generations. Nowadays, most of the companies lack the diversity to tackle inter-cultural challenges (Galbraith, 2000, p. 20). According to Goldsmith (2003), in order to be successful in the future, a leader must have a global mindset. He defines global mindset as the quality that enables leaders to influence people, organizations and systems that are different from theirs. Another key competency is intellectual capital which is defined as global business knowledge, cognitive complexity and multi-ethnic stance. Psychological capital will also be required as it entails passi on for diversity, pursuit for adventure and self-confidence. Lastly, 2020 leadership will require inter-cultural compassion, inter personal influence and diplomacy. All these will be prompted by increased globalization, cross-cultural interactions, increased technology, and complex business environment (Goldsmith, 2003, p. 7). Increased globalization means increased investment and expansion of local companies beyond national borders as a result of deregulation and improved information and communication technologies. Increased globalization will also result in the growing number of employees coming from different cultural backgrounds but working in the same organization. Employees’ interactions will be either actual or virtual (through computers or video conferencing). Intellectual capital will be necessary due to increased technology and complex business environment (Galbraith, 2000, p. 22). References Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2007). Human Resource Management: theory and pract ice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Business Studies. (2008). Effective Communication in the Workplace. Web. Furnham, A., Petrides, K.V., Jackson, C.J., Cotter, T. (2002). Do personality factors predict job satisfaction? Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1325-42. Galbraith, J.R. (2000). Designing the Global Corporation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Goldsmith, M. (2003). Global Leadership: The Next Generation. London: FT Prentice Hall. Gronn, P. (2002). Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(4), 423-451. Hoffman, J., Sabo, D., Bliss, J., Hoy, W.K. (1994). Building a culture of trust, Journal of School Leadership, 4, 484-501. Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R., Gerhardt, M. W. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 765-780. Judge, T.A., Piccolo, R.F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic test of their relative validity, Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 755-68. Muller, C. (2011). Employee Motivation and Incentives at Apple Inc: Incentives Really Help to Motivate Employees? New York: GRIN. Palmisano, S. (2007). Our Values at Work on Being an IBMer. Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/ibm/values/us/ Walt Disney Company. (2007). Corporate Responsibility. Retrieved from https://www.thewaltdisneycompany.com/about/ This coursework on A trend paper on leadership Response was written and submitted by user Cristopher C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

About the Chilean Poet Pablo Neruda

About the Chilean Poet Pablo Neruda Pablo Neruda (1904-1973) was known as a poet and emissary of the Chilean people. During a time of social upheaval, he traveled the world as a diplomat and an exile, served as a Senator for the Chilean Communist Party, and published more than 35,000 pages of poetry in his native Spanish. In 1971, Neruda won the Nobel Prize for Literature, for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continents destiny and dreams. Nerudas words and politics were forever intertwined, and his activism may have led to his death. Recent forensic tests have stirred speculation that Neruda was murdered.   Early Life in Poetry Pablo Neruda is the pen name of Ricardo Eliezer Neftali Reyes y Basoalto. He was born in Parral, Chile on July 12, 1904. While he was still an infant, Nerudas mother died of tuberculosis. He grew up in the remote town of Temuco with a stepmother, a half-brother, and a half-sister. From his earliest years, Neruda experimented with language. In his teens, he began publishing poems and articles in school magazines and local newspapers. His father disapproved, so the teenager decided to publish under a pseudonym. Why Pablo Neruda? Later, he speculated that hed been inspired by Czech writer Jan Neruda. In his Memoirs, Neruda praised the poet Gabriela Mistral for helping him discover his voice as a writer. A teacher and headmistress of a girls school near Temuco, Mistral took an interest in the talented youth. She introduced Neruda to Russian literature and stirred his interest in social causes. Both Neruda and his mentor eventually became Nobel Laureates, Mistral in 1945 and Neruda twenty-six years later. After high school, Neruda moved to the capital city of Santiago and enrolled in the University of Chile. He planned to become a French teacher, as his father wished. Instead, Neruda strolled the streets in a black cape and wrote passionate, melancholy poems inspired by French symbolist literature. His father stopped sending him money, so the teenaged Neruda sold his belongings to self-publish his first book, Crepusculario (Twilight). At age 20, he completed and found a publisher for the book that would make him famous, Veinte poemas de amor y una cancion desesperada (Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair).  Rhapsodic and sorrowful, the books poems mingled adolescent thoughts of love and sex with descriptions of the Chilean wilderness. There was thirst and hunger, and you were the fruit. / There were grief and ruin, and you were the miracle, Neruda wrote in the concluding poem, A Song of Despair. Diplomat and Poet Like most Latin American countries, Chile customarily honored their poets with diplomatic posts. At age 23, Pablo Neruda became an honorary consul in Burma, now Myanmar, in Southeast Asia. Over the next decade, his assignments took him to many places, including Buenos Aires, Sri Lanka, Java, Singapore, Barcelona, and Madrid. While in South Asia, he experimented with surrealism and began writing Residencia en la tierra   (Residence on Earth). Published in 1933, this was the first of a three-volume work that described the social upheaval and human suffering Neruda witnessed during his years of diplomatic travel and social activism. Residencia was, he said in his Memoirs, a dark and gloomy but essential book within my work. The third volume in Residencia, the 1937 Espaà ±a en el corazà ³n (Spain in our Hearts), was Nerudas strident response to the atrocities of the Spanish Civil War, the rise of fascism, and the political execution of his friend, the Spanish poet Federico Garcà ­a Lorca in 1936. In the nights of Spain, Neruda wrote in the poem Tradition, through the old gardens, / tradition, covered with dead snot, / spouting pus and pestilence, strolled / with its tail in the fog, ghostly and fantastic. The political leanings expressed in Espaà ±a en el corazà ³n cost Neruda his consular post in Madrid, Spain. He moved to Paris, founded a literary magazine, and helped the refugees who glutted the road out of Spain. After a stint as Consul-General in Mexico City, the poet returned to Chile. He joined the Communist Party, and, in 1945, was elected to the Chilean Senate. Nerudas rousing ballad Canto a Stalingrado (Song to Stalingrad) voiced a cry of love to Stalingrad. His pro-Communist poems and rhetoric stirred outrage with the Chilean President, who had renounced Communism for a more political alignment with the United States. Neruda continued to defend Joseph Stalins Soviet Union and the working class of his own homeland, but it was Nerudas scathing 1948 Yo acuso (I Accuse) speech that finally provoked the Chilean government to take action against him. Facing arrest, Neruda spent a year in hiding, and then in 1949 fled on horseback over the Andes Mountains into Buenos Aires, Argentina. Dramatic Exile The poets dramatic escape became the subject of the film Neruda (2016) by Chilean director Pablo Larraà ­n. Part history, part fantasy, the film follows a fictional Neruda as he dodges a fascist investigator and smuggles revolutionary poems to peasants who memorize passages. One part of this romantic re-imagining is true. While in hiding, Pablo Neruda completed his most ambitious project, Canto General (General Song). Composed of more than 15,000 lines, Canto General is both a sweeping history of the Western hemisphere and an ode to the common man. What were humans? Neruda asks. In what part of their unguarded conversations / in department stores and among sirens, in which of their metallic movements / did what in life is indestructible and imperishable live? Return to Chile Pablo Nerudas return to Chile in 1953 marked a transition away from political poetry- for a short time. Writing in green ink (reportedly his favorite color), Neruda composed soulful poems about love, nature, and daily life. I could live or not live; it does not matter / to be one stone more, the dark stone, / the pure stone which the river bears away, Neruda wrote in Oh Earth, Wait for Me. Nevertheless, the passionate poet remained consumed by Communism and social causes. He gave public readings and never spoke out against Stalins war crimes. Nerudas 1969 book-length poem Fin de Mundo (World’s End) includes a defiant statement against the US role in Vietnam: Why were they compelled to kill / innocents so far from home, / while the crimes pour cream / into the pockets of Chicago? / Why go so far to kill / Why go so far to die? In 1970, the Chilean Communist party nominated the poet/diplomat for president, but he withdrew from the campaign after reaching an agreement with the Marxist candidate Salvador Allende, who ultimately won the close election. Neruda, at the height of his literary career, was serving as Chiles ambassador in Paris, France, when he received the 1971 Nobel Prize for Literature. Personal Life Pablo Neruda lived a life of whats been called passionate engagement by the Los Angeles Times. For Neruda, poetry meant much more than the expression of emotion and personality, they write. It was a sacred way of being and came with duties. His was also a life of surprising contradictions. Although his poetry was musical, Neruda claimed that his ear could never recognize any but the most obvious melodies, and even then, only with difficulty.  He chronicled atrocities, yet he had a sense of fun. Neruda collected hats and liked to dress up for parties. He enjoyed cooking and wine. Enamored by the ocean, he filled his three homes in Chile with seashells, seascapes, and nautical artifacts. While many poets seek solitude to write, Neruda seemed to thrive on social interaction. His Memoirs describe friendships with famous figures like Pablo Picasso, Garcia Lorca, Gandhi, Mao Tse-tung, and Fidel Castro. Nerudas infamous love affairs were tangled and often overlapping. In 1930 the Spanish-speaking Neruda married Marà ­a Antonieta Hagenaar, an Indonesia-born Dutch woman who spoke no Spanish. Their only child, a daughter, died at age 9 from hydrocephalus. Soon after marrying Hagenaar, Neruda began an affair with Delia del Carril, a painter from Argentina, whom he eventually married. While in exile, he began a secret relationship with Matilde Urrutia, a Chilean singer with curly red hair. Urrutia became Nerudas third wife and inspired some of his most celebrated love poetry. In dedicating the 1959 Cien Sonetos de Amor (One Hundred Love Sonnets) to Urrutia, Neruda wrote, I made these sonnets out of wood; I gave them the sound of that opaque pure substance, and that is how they should reach your ears†¦Now that I have declared the foundations of my love, I surrender this century to you: wooden sonnets that rise only because you gave them life. The poems are some of his most popular- I crave your mouth, your voice, your hair, he writes in Sonnet XI; I love you as one loves certain obscure things, he writes in Sonnet XVII, secretly, between the shadow and the soul. Nerudas Death While the United States marks 9/11 as the anniversary of the 2001 terrorist attacks, this date has another significance in Chile. On September 11, 1973, soldiers surrounded Chiles presidential palace. Rather than surrender, President Salvador Allende shot himself. The anti-Communist coup dà ©tat, supported by the United States CIA, launched the brutal dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet. Pablo Neruda planned to flee to Mexico, speak out against the Pinochet regime, and publish a large body of new work. The only weapons you will find in this place are words, he told soldiers who ransacked his home and dug up his garden in Isla Negra, Chile. However, on September 23, 1973, Neruda died in a Santiago medical clinic. In her memoirs, Matilde Urrutia said his final words were, They are shooting them! They are shooting them! The poet was 69. The official diagnosis was prostate cancer, but many Chileans believed that Neruda was murdered. In October 2017, forensic tests confirmed that Neruda did not die of cancer. Further tests are underway to identify toxins found in his body. Why Is Pablo Neruda Important? I have never thought of my life as divided between poetry and politics, Pablo Neruda said when he accepted his presidential candidacy from the Chilean Communist Party. He was a prolific writer whose works ranged from sensual love poems to historical epics. Hailed as a poet for the common man, Neruda believed that poetry should capture the human condition. In his essay  Toward an Impure Poetry, he equates the imperfect human condition with poetry, impure as the clothing we wear, or our bodies, soup-stained, soiled with our shameful behaviour, our wrinkles and vigils and dreams, observations and prophecies, declarations of loathing and love, idylls and beasts, the shocks of encounter, political loyalties, denials and doubts, affirmations and taxes. What kind of poetry should we seek? Verse that is steeped in sweat and in smoke, smelling of the lilies and urine. Neruda won many awards, including an International Peace Prize (1950), a Stalin Peace Prize (1953), a Lenin Peace Prize (1953), and a Nobel Prize for Literature (1971). However, some critics have attacked Neruda for his Stalinist rhetoric and his unrestrained, often militant, writings. He was called a bourgeois imperialist and a great bad poet. In their announcement, the Nobel committee said theyd given the award to a contentious author who is not only debated but for many is also debatable. In his book The Western Canon, literary critic Harold Bloom named Neruda one of the most significant writers in Western culture, placing him alongside literary giants like Shakespeare, Tolstoy, and Virginia Woolf. All paths lead to the same goal, Neruda declared in his Nobel Lecture: to convey to others what we are. And we must pass through solitude and difficulty, isolation and silence in order to reach forth to the enchanted place where we can dance our clumsy dance and sing our sorrowful song.... Recommended Reading Neruda wrote in Spanish, and English translations of his work are hotly debated. Some translations aspire for literal meaning while others strive to capture nuances. Thirty-six translators, including Martin Espada, Jane Hirshfield, W. S. Merwin, and Mark Strand, contributed to The Poetry of Pablo Neruda compiled by literary critic Ilan Stavans. The volume has 600 poems representing the scope of Nerudas career, along with notes on the poets life and critical commentary. Several poems are presented in both Spanish and English. The Poetry of Pablo Neruda edited by Ilan Stavans, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005Listen to Neruda read Las Alturas de Machu Picchu from Canto GeneralHow the Library of Congress Helped Get Pablo Nerudas Poetry Translated into English by Peter Armenti, LOC July 31, 2015Canto General, 50th Anniversary Edition, by Pablo Neruda (trans. Jack Schmitt), University of California Press, 2000Worlds End (English and Spanish Edition) by Pablo Neruda (trans. William ODaly), Copper Canyon Press; 2009Pablo Neruda: A Passion for Life by Adam Feinstein, 2004Memoirs by Pablo Neruda (trans. Hardie St. Martin), 2001The poets own reflections on his life, from student years to the coup dà ©tat dà ©tat that toppled Chiles government just days before Nerudas death.The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages by Harold BloomMy Life with Pablo Neruda (Mi vida junto a Pablo Neruda) by Matilde Urrutia (trans. Alexandria Giardino), 2004Pablo Nerudas widow reveals details about the poet in her memoir. Al though not lyrically written, the book became a best-seller in Chile. For ages 6 to 9, Pablo Neruda: Poet of the People by Monica Brown (illus. Julie Paschkis), Holt, 2011 Sources: Memoirs by Pablo Neruda (trans. Hardie St. Martin), Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001; The Nobel Prize in Literature 1971 at Nobelprize.org; Biography of Pablo Neruda, The Chile Cultural Society; Worlds End by Pablo Neruda by Richard Rayner, Los Angeles Times, March 29, 2009; How did Chilean poet Pablo Neruda die? Experts open new probe, Associated Press, Miami Herald, February 24, 2016; Pablo Neruda Nobel Lecture Towards the Splendid City at Nobelprize.org [accessed March 5, 2017]

Virtual Hard Drives (VHD) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtual Hard Drives (VHD) - Research Paper Example Yet another type is the differencing one, which can be attached to any of the two other types, for increasing the performance of the system. The fixed sized disks do not have to specify for the minimum space required on the computer file system of the host, as it can automatically acquire the required space. On the other hand, dynamically expanding VHDs will take up the required space, according to their need. (Rouse) Virtual Hard Disk drives are the best alternative, when conducting cost-effective operations on computer systems. Using VHD, diverse operating systems can be loaded on the same PC, which allows the host to run different software programs on the same computer, while allowing the software developers to test their programs in a cost-effective manner. During February, 2013 Microsoft purchased the Virtual Hard Disk software from Connectix Virtual PC Software, which was originally responsible for creation of this software. Thereafter, Microsoft renamed this product as Microso ft Virtual PC. (VHD) Virtual Hard disk Formats Apart from the fixed and dynamic formats, as mentioned above, there is another format of VHD called ‘Differencing’ type. Each format can perform different tasks, as they vary in performance. Fixed size VHD The space required by this type of VHD is allocated on the physical Hard disk storage, while creating the VHD. While the fixed size can be increased, in an offline operation, the software does not support reducing the size. The fixed size characteristic of this type ensures optimum efficiency in operation of the system. However, due to the commitment of space allocated, it cannot be used by the physical drive, incase the VHD does not utilize any portion of the given space. Dynamically expanding VHD This file format counters the disadvantage of the fixed type VHD, as the space utilized by dynamically expanding VHD will depend on the actual requirement for the data size that is being written to it. However, ‘on-disk m eta-data’ size will add to this requirement. The file size can vary from as small as 43 KB in a VHD of this type to 20GB. The choices of optimization of performance are available with this type of VHD. However, the performance can be slower, for read or write functions, than the fixed size type VHDs. Differencing VHD This type of VHD can be associated with either of the above two types. While they can implement many additional features to their parent VHD, they also are responsible for prevention of any changes to the parent hard drive. The advantage of using this type is that space taken from physical hard drive can be reclaimed by compacting a differencing VHD.(Ranjana1) Native VHD boot Native boot VHD configuration is available in Windows 7 and Windows server 2008 R2. This allows the user to use the VHD as the computer running operating system without requirement of any parent system or hypervisor. In addition, Native boot provides full access to all the files in the PC sy stem, as the virtual volumes are visible, after the VHD portions are automatically attached to the system. Native VHD boot supports all the tree types of VHDs. However, the system will fail in case the expanding VHD requires more than the space available with the physical host drive. Only BIOS-based and UEFI-based firmware supports Native VHD boot. (Frequently Asked Questions) VHD vs. VHDX Windows Server 2012 has made available another VHD format, called VHDX. It has many advantages. The main